Want to know more about gallstones? In this post, you will find everything you need to know about this condition and the available treatment options.
Gallstones, also known as cholelithiasis, is a common occurrence that involves the formation of solid deposits in the gallbladder, an organ related to the digestive process. These stones can cause uncomfortable and even painful symptoms, so it’s important to understand their causes, the signs to watch for, and strategies to treat and prevent this condition.
What are gallstones?
Gallstones, or cholelithiasis, is the formation of small solid deposits in the gallbladder, an organ located next to the liver. These stones, also called gallstones, can vary in size and composition, being mainly composed of cholesterol or bilirubin.
Although many people may not show symptoms, in certain cases, the stones can block the bile exit duct from the gallbladder, resulting in intense abdominal pain, known as biliary colic. Cholelithiasis is diagnosed through imaging tests, such as abdominal ultrasound.
The causes related to the formation of these stones take into account factors such as diet, genetics, and cholesterol levels. There ends up being an accumulation of bilirubin or cholesterol in the gallbladder, which ends up leaving the bile with an excess of these substances, which end up crystallizing and forming stones.
Removing the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), although it is an option to resolve the situation, in asymptomatic cases, regular medical follow-up may be recommended. Thus, the condition requires medical attention to determine the appropriate course of action to be taken.
What are the symptoms of gallstones?
The symptoms of this condition can vary in intensity and manifestation. Generally, this condition is asymptomatic in many individuals, which means that they may have gallstones without feeling any discomfort.
However, when gallstones cause obstruction in the bile ducts, characteristic symptoms may arise.
One of the most common manifestations is biliary colic, an intense abdominal pain that usually occurs in the upper right part of the abdomen or just below the ribs. This pain can radiate to the back or to the shoulder. In general, this pain occurs about 30 minutes after eating, especially when rich in fats.
In addition to pain, patients may experience nausea, vomiting, abdominal bloating, and indigestion. In some cases, gallstones can lead to more serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) or obstruction of the bile duct (cholangitis and jaundice).
In these situations, the abdominal pain may be more intense and accompanied by fever and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). It is important to note that symptoms can vary from person to person, and not all individuals with gallstones will show obvious symptoms.
Therefore, the presence of gallstones can only be confirmed by a health professional through imaging tests, even in the absence of noticeable symptoms.
What are the causes of gallstone formation?
The formation of gallstones results from a complex interaction of factors that can lead to the crystallization of bile components, a fluid produced by the liver to assist in the digestion of fats.
However, several elements contribute to the development of these stones. A significant factor is the composition of bile.
When bile contains an excess of cholesterol, bilirubin, or bile salts, the precipitation of these substances can occur, leading to the formation of crystals that, over time, can agglomerate and form gallstones.
Diet also plays an important role. Consuming foods high in saturated fats and cholesterol can increase the likelihood of gallstone development.
Obesity is also a risk factor, as it is associated with imbalances in cholesterol and bile levels. Genetic issues and family history can also influence the predisposition to gallstones.
Certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis, hematological diseases, and diabetes, can also increase the risk.
Rapid and drastic weight loss can also trigger the formation of gallstones, as it can lead to the excessive release of cholesterol in the bile, which makes it common for gallstones to occur in patients who have undergone bariatric surgeries. Understanding all these factors can help in the prevention and management of this condition with more safety and tranquility.
What are the available treatment options for gallstones?
There are different treatment approaches available to deal with gallstones, depending on the symptoms and severity of the condition.
The most common option is surgical intervention, known as cholecystectomy, in which the gallbladder is removed. This procedure can be performed laparoscopically, minimizing recovery time and postoperative discomfort.
Rest assured, the gallbladder that was removed in this surgery does not make a difference or alter our body. It adapts after a short period and the digestion processes return to normal.
Other than that, there are very rarely used treatments, such as dissolving the stones or shock waves (lithotripsy) to break the stones. However, their use is very restricted and rare.
The choice of treatment will depend on the individual medical evaluation, taking into account factors such as the presence of symptoms, the size and composition of the stones, as well as the overall health of the patient.
It is important, therefore, to consult a health professional to determine the best approach for each specific case of gallstones.
How to prevent the formation of gallstones?
Preventing the formation of gallstones requires the adoption of measures that contribute to the health of the gallbladder and the proper composition of bile. One of the strategies is to maintain a healthy weight, as excess weight is associated with a higher risk of developing gallstones.
Thus, maintaining a balanced diet, rich in fiber, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, is essential to prevent the formation of stones. Also controlling the intake of saturated fats and cholesterol is very important.
Opting for healthy sources of fat, such as those found in fish, nuts, and olive oil, can help keep the composition of bile in balance. Avoid very restrictive diets or extremely rapid weight loss, as this can trigger the excessive release of cholesterol in the bile.
Proper hydration is another attitude that plays a relevant role in prevention. Drinking water regularly helps keep bile in a more liquid state, minimizing the risk of crystal formation.
Regular physical activity is a beneficial factor, as it helps regulate weight and the functioning of the digestive system, contributing to the health of the gallbladder.
All these measures mentioned not only promote the health of the gallbladder, but also contribute to the overall well-being of the body. And, in addition, consulting a health professional for specific guidance is always recommended.
Therefore, gallstones, or gallstones, is a condition that requires attention due to its ability to cause discomfort and complications. Prevention through practical measures is essential to reduce the risk of stone formation.
If symptoms such as intense abdominal pains arise, it is essential to seek medical guidance for an accurate diagnosis and evaluation of treatment options, aiming to ensure the well-being and quality of life of the patient affected by this condition.
Image from Freepik
Doutor em Gastroenterologia pela FM-USP.
Especialista em Cirurgia do Aparelho Digestivo (HCFMUSP), Endoscopia Digestiva (SOBED) e Gastroenterologia (FBG).
Professor do curso de Medicina da Fundação Educacional do Município de Assis - FEMA.
Médico da clínica Gastrosaúde de Marília.