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Ulcerative Colitis

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Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that primarily affects the colon and rectum. It is characterized by continuous inflammation and ulceration of these regions of the intestine, resulting in uncomfortable and sometimes debilitating symptoms.

How does it occur?

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is still unknown, but it is believed that a combination of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors play an important role. The body’s immune system abnormally reacts by attacking the healthy cells of the colon lining, resulting in chronic inflammation.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of ulcerative colitis can range from mild to severe and may include:

  • Frequent diarrhea, often with the presence of blood or mucus in the stool.
  • Abdominal pain and cramps.
  • Urgency to defecate.
  • Feeling of incomplete bowel emptying.
  • Unexplained weight loss.
  • Fatigue and weakness.

It is important to note that symptoms can come and go in periods of remission and exacerbation. In some cases, ulcerative colitis can extend beyond the rectum and affect higher parts of the colon, which can lead to more severe symptoms.

How is the diagnosis made?

The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and additional tests. The doctor may request the following procedures:

  • Colonoscopy: an examination that allows direct visualization of the colon and the obtaining of tissue samples for analysis (biopsies).
  • Blood tests: can be performed to assess the levels of inflammation in the body and rule out other conditions.
  • Imaging tests: such as x-rays or computed tomography, can be used to assess the extent of the disease and rule out complications.

 

What is the treatment?

The treatment of ulcerative colitis aims to control inflammation, relieve symptoms, and prevent recurrence of crises. Therapeutic options may include:

  • Anti-inflammatory medications: corticosteroids and aminosalicylate drugs may be prescribed to control inflammation.
  • Immunosuppressants: drugs that suppress the immune system may be used in more severe cases.
  • Biological therapy: biological drugs that aim to block specific inflammatory proteins may be indicated for refractory cases.
  • Diet changes: certain foods can trigger symptoms or worsen inflammation, therefore, making adjustments in the diet can help reduce symptoms. A specialized nutritionist can help identify and guide on a suitable diet to minimize symptoms.
  • Surgery: in severe and difficult to control cases, surgical removal of the colon and rectum (colectomy) may be necessary. However, surgery is generally considered a last resort option.

It is crucial that the treatment is individualized and followed by a health professional specialized in inflammatory bowel diseases. The goal is to achieve and maintain disease remission, minimizing symptoms and improving the patient’s quality of life.

The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.


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