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Hemorrhoids

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What are Hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are swollen and dilated veins in the anus and lower rectum. They can be internal, when they develop inside the anus, or external, when they protrude out of the anus. Hemorrhoids can cause discomfort and bleeding, especially during bowel movements.

How do they occur?

Hemorrhoids are caused by increased pressure in the veins of the anus and lower rectum. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including:

  • Chronic constipation: when bowel movement is difficult and there is excessive straining during evacuation.
  • Chronic diarrhea: frequent liquid stools can irritate the anal and rectal veins.
  • Pregnancy: the enlarged uterus can exert pressure on the veins in the pelvic region, contributing to the development of hemorrhoids.
  • Obesity: excess weight can increase pressure on the veins of the anus.

What are the symptoms?

The symptoms of hemorrhoids can range from mild to severe and may include:

  • Itching or irritation in the anal region.
  • Bleeding during bowel movements, usually seen as bright red blood in the stool or on toilet paper.
  • Pain or discomfort during bowel movements.
  • Swelling or lump around the anus (in the case of external hemorrhoids).
  • Feeling of pressure or fullness in the rectum.

How are they diagnosed?

The diagnosis of hemorrhoids is usually made based on symptoms and a physical examination performed by the doctor. In some cases, additional tests such as sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy may be needed to rule out other gastrointestinal tract conditions.

What is the treatment?

The treatment of hemorrhoids depends on the severity of symptoms and the type of hemorrhoid. Treatment options may include:

  • Self-care measures: include sitz baths with warm water, applying cold compresses to the affected area, and using topical creams or ointments to relieve discomfort.
  • Dietary changes: adopting a diet rich in fiber and drinking plenty of water can help soften stools and facilitate bowel movements, reducing straining.
  • Medications: in some cases, oral or topical medications may be prescribed to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and control bleeding.
  • Medical procedures: in more severe situations, medical procedures such as elastic ligation, sclerotherapy, or infrared coagulation may be performed to reduce the size of the hemorrhoids or stop their blood supply.

In rare and severe cases, surgery may be needed to remove the hemorrhoids.

It is important to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan. Self-care and lifestyle changes also play an important role in preventing and controlling hemorrhoids.

The Figure was partly generated using Servier Medical Art, provided by Servier, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 unported license.


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