Gallstone, also known as cholelithiasis, is a condition characterized by the formation of stones in the gallbladder. These stones, called gallstones, are mainly composed of cholesterol or bilirubin, substances that are normally present in bile.
How does it occur?
The formation of gallstones can be related to several factors, such as a diet rich in fats, obesity, family history, advanced age, pregnancy and certain medical conditions, such as diabetes and liver disease. The stones can develop when there is an imbalance in the composition of bile, which leads to the formation of crystals that group together and solidify over time.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The symptoms of cholelithiasis can vary from person to person. Some patients may not have symptoms, while others experience episodes of intense abdominal pain, known as biliary colic. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and intolerance to fatty foods.
However, when the stones cause obstruction or inflammation, the following symptoms may occur:
- Intense abdominal pain, usually on the upper right side of the abdomen, which can extend to the back or shoulder.
- Nausea and vomiting.
- Indigestion and feeling of fullness after meals.
- Fever, if there is inflammation of the gallbladder.
The diagnosis of gallstone is made through imaging tests, such as abdominal ultrasound, which allows to visualize the presence of stones in the gallbladder and assess their size and location.
Treatment
The treatment of gallstones depends on the symptoms and complications presented by the patient. Treatment options may include:
- Observation: if the stones are asymptomatic and do not cause complications, regular follow-up with the doctor to monitor the condition may be recommended.
- Surgery: surgical removal of the gallbladder, known as cholecystectomy, is the most common treatment for symptomatic stones or with complications. It can be performed by open surgery or by laparoscopy, a minimally invasive technique.
- Dissolution of stones: in selected cases, especially when the stones are mainly composed of cholesterol, medications can be prescribed to dissolve the gallstones over time.
It is important to emphasize that treatment should be individualized, taking into account the symptoms, the patient’s overall health and other existing medical conditions.
Conclusion
Gallstone is a common condition that can cause discomfort and complications if not treated properly. Early identification, through imaging tests and medical evaluation, is essential to determine the need for intervention and avoid serious complications. Proper treatment, which may include surgery or other therapeutic options, will help patients relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. It is important to follow medical guidelines and adopt healthy lifestyle habits to prevent the recurrence of gallstones in the future.